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Transformation and Conservation of Energy
Almost all events in the Universe involve the transformation of one form of energy into another form with the release of heat. Regardless of the transformation, the total amount of energy remains constant.
Force and Motion
Force must be used to change speed or direction (or both) of a moving object. In the absence of such a force, the object will continue to move with the same speed and in the same direction. Forces have directions and magnitudes that can be measured. Any change in motion depends upon the amount of force causing the change and the mass of the object.
Give examples which show how the relationships among force, mass, and acceleration are important in common situations (e.g., hammering a nail, comparing rates at which a car and a heavily loaded truck can pull away from a stop sign).
Mechanical energy comes from the motion and/or the position of physical objects. The work done on an object depends on the applied force and on the distance that the object moves.
Observe and describe changes in kinetic and potential energy in common activities such as bouncing a ball or swinging on a swing.
The motion of an object can be described as its change in position, direction, and speed relative to another object.
Determine the speeds of objects (e.g., students running, walking, riding a bike) using measurements of distance and time. Compare the results both numerically and graphically.